Pathophysiology Progressive Condition and End-of-Life Debate Research Paper

Pathophysiology Progressive Condition and End-of-Life Debate - Research Paper Example This essay first traces the breast cancer as one of the most common cancers causing almost 7% of all cancer deaths and 2% of all deaths in the United States. Many people believe breast cancer affects only the breast tissue until the unfortunate situation of metastasis. There are many cases in which breast cancer and metastasis can affect a number of other systems, including the brain, liver and bone tissues. One of the most common signs of breast cancer is a lump in the breast, although other changes in the breast tissue such as thickening, changes in colour and swelling are also reported. The breast can also show signs of pain, although breast pain is common in women and should not be confused with breast cancer. As the disease progresses and metastasizes, a number of other symptoms can be seen. For bone metastases, the patient can expect to feel bone pain. Other symptoms of bone metastases include breakages in the bone due to weakened bone tissue and hypercalcemia, which would be p icked up by routine examination. Breast carcinomas can also metastasize to the brain. The signs of a secondary brain tumour are numerous, and include consistent headache, changes in vision, seizures, stroke or brain haemorrhage, changes in mental status, difficulty with speech or other everyday actions, confusion, loss of control, uncontrolled bladder or bowel movements, back pain, more generalized pain, weakness, vomiting and nausea, double vision, slurred speech, and anxiety. (Gavrilovic & Posner, 2005). Finally, breast cancer can also metastasize to the liver. Signs that this has occurred include anorexia, confusion, fevers, nausea and weight loss (Yarbro, Wujcik & Gobel, 2011). Pathophysiological Causes of Breast Cancer All cancers have similar mechanisms in the way that they develop. All cancers are genetic in that a mutation or

The data classification policy Essay Example for Free

The data classification policy Essay The data classification policy is intended to provide a framework for classifying a company’s data based on its level of sensitivity. Data classification entails analyzing the data an organization retains, determining its importance and value, and then assigning it to a category. Data is classified to help determine baselines for security controls in that will be implemented to protect the data. Data classification policies apply to all company employees, their vendors and customers who has authorization to access the data. Anyone who has access to, is responsible for classifying, or is responsible for protecting data and is subject to being held accountable to adhering to the data classification policy. Data classification is the classification of data based on its level of sensitivity and impact to an organization. Impact is determined by how data is disclosed, altered or destroyed without appropriate authorization. How data is classified and the levels of sensitivity associated with it is generally determined by the organization but in some cases the classification is mandated by federal, state and local laws. Data classification levels are typically arranged from the most sensitive data being classified as restricted to unclassified or public data. The classification levels vary depending on the institution. Data is typically classified according to its type such as medical, financial or personal. Most organizations classify data to comply with their requirements of Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability (CIA). Data classification is the responsibility data stewards and their primary  purpose is the protection of the confidentiality, integrity and availability of the data and the data classification reflects to level of impact to the organization if the confidentiality, integrity and availability is compromised.

The Importance of Budgeting to Avoid Defaulting on Student Loans Essay

The Importance of Budgeting to Avoid Defaulting on Student Loans Students defaulting on their loans will always be a problem for the government as long as there are students taking out loans. There will always be a few that don’t pay off their loans. There are many reasons why students default on their student loans. According Ms. Farrell, the author of â€Å"Reducing Student Loan Defaults: A Plan for Action,† in the Office of Planning, Budget, and Evaluation Survey, said â€Å"The main reason that students default on their loans is that they cannot budget their finances† (Farrell 24). Even though a number of students are working while going to school, they don’t understand the financial burden that loans will place in their lives. In order for students to pay back their student loans, they need to calculate their in school and out of school budgets. If too many students neglect to pay their loans, it can create a serious problem for students that are currently in school receiving financial aid. A school can be dropped out of the student aid program. Under a current law, colleges and universities can lose access to student loan programs if they have default rate of 25% or above for 3 consecutive years. Institutions can also lose access to all programs, including grants, if the most recent default rate exceeds 40%. The Department of Education just released a list of more than 300 institutions that could lose eligibility for some or all student aid programs, and 144 schools are no longer eligible to participate in student loan programs because of high default rates (Dervarics 6). So we can see how important it is for students to pay their student loans back; so that their school will not be dropped from the student... ...in. It helps students to compare and match expenses with income to balance out their finances on a weekly, and/or monthly basis. So give budgeting a try, and see your life become less complicated. Works Cited Brownstone, David M. â€Å"Planning your future.† Personal Financial Survival Wiley Interscience Publication. 1981: 5 Deravics, Charles. â€Å"Student Loan Default Rates Fall Dramatically† Black Isues in Higher Education 6 February 1997: 17 Farrell, Mary. â€Å"Reducing Student Loan Defaults A Plan for Action† Dept. of Education Washington D.C. Office of Planning, Budgeting, and Evaluation, 1990 : 7, 24, 27 Finney, Robert. â€Å"Every Manager Guide to Business Finance† American Management Association, 1994: 175 Gray, Ginger. Phone Interview. 23 February 1997. Groza, Maris. â€Å"Where to Live.† Every Womans Guide to Financial Independence. Les Femmes. 1997: 13

Macbeth :: essays research papers

I am going to prove that in the play Macbeth, a symbol of blood is portrayed often(and with different meanings), and that it is a symbol that is developed until it is the dominating theme of the play towards the end of it. To begin with, I found the word "blood", or different forms of it forty-two times (ironically, the word fear is used forty-two times), with several other passages dealing with the symbol. Perhaps the best way to show how the symbol of blood changes throughout the play, is to follow the character changes in Macbeth. First he is a brave honoured soldier, but as the play progresses, he becomes a treacherous person who has become identified with death and bloodshed and shows his guilt in different forms. The first reference of blood is one of honour, and occurs when Duncan sees the injured sergeant and says "What bloody man is that?". This is symbolic of the brave fighter who been injured in a valiant battle for his country. In the next passage, in which the sergeant says "Which smok''d with bloody execution", he is referring to Macbeth''s braveness in which his sword is covered in the hot blood of the enemy. After these few references to honour, the symbol of blood now changes to show a theme of treachery and treason. Lady Macbeth starts this off when she asks the spirits to "make thick my blood,". What she is saying by this, is that she wants to make herself insensitive and remorseless for the deeds which she is about to commit. Lady Macbeth knows that the evidence of blood is a treacherous symbol, and knows it will deflect the guilt from her and Macbeth to the servants when she says "smear the sleepy grooms with blood.", and "If he do bleed, I''ll gild the faces of the grooms withal, for it must seem their guilt." When Banquo states "and question this most bloody piece of work," and Ross says "is''t known who did this more than bloody deed?", they are both inquiring as to who performed the treacherous acts upon Duncan. When Macbeth is speaking about Malcolm and Donalbain, he refers to them as "bloody cousins" A final way, and perhaps the most vivid use of the symbol blood, is of the theme of guilt. First Macbeth hints at his guilt when he says "Will all great Neptune''s ocean wash this blood clean from my hand?", meaning that he wondered if he would ever be able to forget the dastardly deed that he had committed. Then the ghost of Banquo, all gory, and bloody comes to

Altruistic Surrogacy Arrangements Essay

Couples around the world find out that they’re unable to conceive children. This is a very heart breaking and detrimental situation in anyones life who is trying to have a child. Infertility affects more than 7 million people in the United States, and about 12 percent of women of childbearing age are considered infertile. Most infertility cases are treated with drug or hormone therapies or surgery. However, about 3 percent of cases require more advanced techniques, such as surrogacy. A surrogate is a woman who carries a child for an individual or a couple. Stories of surrogacy reach back to the Bible with the story of Abraham, his wife, Sarah, and her handmaiden, Hagar. In this story, Sarah finds she is unable to conceive and arranges for Abraham to impregnate Hagar, who goes on to conceive Ishmael. There are two types of surrogacy options, one is traditional surrogacy and the other is gestational surrogacy. A traditional surrogate is a woman who donates her own egg and then carries the pregnancy. The surrogate’s egg is fertilized through artificial insemination with the sperm of the father or a sperm donor. Traditional surrogates are genetically related to the child because their own eggs are used in the process. A gestational surrogate or also known as a gestational carrier, are not biologically or genetically related to the child she carries. Gestational carriers become pregnant through the process of in vitro fertilization, where an embryo or embryos created from the eggs and sperm of the intended parents. Donor eggs and donor sperm are selected by the intended parents are implanted in the uterus for the gestational period of 40 weeks. Intended parents and surrogates have to consider what type of surrogacy arrangement they feel like they are comfortable with. There are two common types of arrangements pertaining to surrogacy, which are commercial and altruistic. In commercial surrogacy the surrogate is paid for her time and effort, any travel involved and related medical expenses not covered by insurance. The chosen surrogate and the intended parents usually don’t know each other before the arrangement. In altruistic surrogacy arrangements, the carrier sees no financial gain, and the arrangements are commonly made with relatives or friends of the intended parents. Surrogacy is against the Church’s teaching, they teach that techniques that entail the dissociation of husband and wife, by the intrusion of a person other than the couple (donation of sperm or ovum, surrogate uterus), are gravely immoral. These techniques (heterologous artificial insemination and fertilization) infringe the child’s right to be born of a father and mother known to him and bound to each other by marriage. They betray the spouses’ â€Å"right to become a father and a mother only through each other (Catechism). † The use of a surrogate mother is a process that is thousands of years old. This is proven in the writings of the Bible in the story of Abraham and his wife Sarah, she was infertile. At this time in the earth’s history, a woman who was childless was often at times shamed by her family and friends. These women would offer their servants to act as a surrogate. The Bible does not specifically forbid the process of surrogacy. The question that you must ask is, whether it is considered to be moral or ethical with keeping children conceived out of love, born from a married couple. The Bible has also been interpreted as stating that children are a gift, not a right. Therefore, God will bless some people with children and others not. Personally I believe surrogacy is an â€Å"okay† practice. Surrogacy ultimately brings joy to the couple and why would god not want us to seek happiness. Surrogacy may seem to be defying God’s will but I think it’s a way of making a precious life out of a bad situation. Being told you will not be able to have your own children is a heart breaking situation. You would never know how it felt until you experience yourself. What gives us the right to judge someone else for wanting a child from their own DNA. If Surrogacy can use one embryo and not kill of the others I think it should be allowed in the church.

All about the C# Programming Language

All about the C# Programming Language Year of Creation?: 2000. C# is the main programming language of the Microsoft .NET framework and has had millions of dollars spent developing and promoting it. In under 6 years it has become a rising star and may yet rise to rival Java. Why was C# Invented?: Because Sun wouldnt allow Microsoft to make changes to Java. Microsoft had had a product Visual J but the changes they had made upset Sun and so it came to a halt. What is C# used for?: All sorts of applications ranging from computer games, utilities, Operating Systems and compilers. There are also web based applications running on the asp.net platform. What versions of C# are there?: The current version is 2.0 and that came out with Microsoft Visual Studio 2005. Version 3.0 is being developed. Does C# present any problems for novice Programmers?: C# is a comprehensive language with many advanced features, especially in version 2.0 such as generics. To get the best out of C#, knowledge of Object Oriented Programming is essential. Syntactically it has a lot in common with Java. How would you sum up C#?: C# is a modern programming language and is really only rivalled by Java. It does though require the .NET framework on Windows. There remains a substantial body of code written in C and it seems that C# will coexist with C rather than replace it. C# is an ECMA (European Computer Manufacturers Association) and ISO standard and this has allowed other implementations such as the Linux project Mono to happen.

The History of U.S. Banking Crises Cause and Effect

The History of U.S. Banking Crises Cause and Effect According to economists a banking crisis can only be considered a banking crisis if there is a systematic panic (Calomiris, 2008, p.1). This simply means that the panic is widespread and affects national banks and a great number of people. A bank in the rural United States, failing due to problems in agriculture and the farmers unable to pay their loans is a financial problem but cannot be considered a banking crisis.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The History of U.S. Banking Crises: Cause and Effect specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In order for an event to be considered it has to create an impact as widespread the current financial crisis of the first decade of the 21st century. In this case the systematic panic came as the mismanagement of the U.S. subprime lending sector and it has something to do with the unique structure of the U.S. banking industry. The problem with bank losses and the ensuing panic that it c reates is nothing new. Financial crisis has been documented as far back as ancient times in the financial industry of Greece and even in Rome in 33 A.D. (Calomiris, 2008, p.2). Even in other parts of Europe and in the United States banks losing money and depositors dismayed by the insolvency of banks are common occurrences. These problems may occur regularly but oftentimes these are isolated cases and its effects not given the chance to consolidate to create widespread panic. Experts even agree that for most of modern history, banks were perceived to be stable and that large losses from failed banks are uncommon (Calomiris, 2008, p.2). But the unique structure of the U.S. banking industry is the reason why banks are now being perceived as unstable. In the past a central bank and a few policies were enough to prevent a meltdown but the American experience proves that more stringent measures should be in place. There is also a need to point out that major financial crisis in the Unite d States appears to be a replay of past events. The details may not be the same but there similarities such as the link between the decline of the stock prices and the panic that resulted from news that several businesses are failing. In other words the U.S. banking industry is easily undermined by panic and there seems to be no system in place that prevents the general public from pulling down the banking sector with bank runs and other actions that multiplies the fears of the people and investors. There is indeed a pattern that can be observed starting from the early 1900s to the 1930s and now in the 21st century. There is a replay of familiar historical phenomena (Calomiris, 2008, p.1) This means that the problem is not with the economy and U.S. industries per se but the system that was created to manage the U.S. market, banking sector and overall economy that created the opportunity for speculation, confusion, and panic.Advertising Looking for report on business economi cs? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A background history of the formation of the United States will reveal the uniqueness of the U.S. Federal Government. As a result, U.S. laws are different from those that can be found in other countries. A deeper understanding of this issue can be achieved if one will compare the U.S. banking industry and the Canadian banking industry. Before going any further it is important to point out that Canada did not experience any form of systematic panic (Calomiris, 2008, p.3). In fact, the Canadians did not see the need to establish a central bank up until 1935 (Calomiris, 2008, p.3). The key difference is that the United States government did not allow branch banking throughout the country (Calomiris, 2008, p.3). This is not the same case with Canada. By allowing branch banking throughout the nation, the Canadian government ensured that there is geographical diversity and made it close to impos sible for a negative chain-reaction of events that will trigger a system-wide panic. There is a good explanation why the Canadians were able to create this structure and why the Americans failed to mimic an effective system of banking governance. First of all it was relatively cheaper for Canadians to establish branches nationwide. Secondly, the Canadian government was able to establish a system that made it easier for banks to coordinate with each other in times of confusion. It has to be understood that confusion is one of the most potent force that creates fear and bank runs among depositors. Finally, the Canadian banking system encouraged the establishment of smaller-sized banks and the assets of these banks were highly concentrated in several nationwide institutions (Calomiris, 2008, p.3). Thus, the Bank of Montreal can coordinate activities by large banks so that financial crises can be addressed without the knowledge of the general public and therefore preventing panic (Calom iris, 2008, p.3). The situation is far different in the United States. The most significant flaw in the U.S. banking industry is that it does not allow nationwide branching of banks and this resulted in an undiversified industry compartmentalized within each state and created a system that is insulated from competition. This is the reason why it is prone to shocks.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The History of U.S. Banking Crises: Cause and Effect specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Whenever there is a decline in stock prices and there is news of a increase in the liabilities of failed businesses then confusion and panics will ensue (Calomiris, 2008, p.3). Although this should be expected as a regular feature of business the United States has no effective means to reduce the occurrence of a systematic panic and the negative impact that it creates. All of the above-mentioned factors played a major role in the creation of the financial crisis of the 21st century that did not only come to impact America but the whole world. Aside from the structure of the banking industry there is another major factor that resulted in the current crisis. It is none other than the policies that were enacted to supposedly safeguard the economy but in light of recent events it may had backfired. The most significant policy according to financial experts is the significant government protection of banks, specifically the U.S. federal deposit insurance (Calomiris, 2008, p.4). In theory the idea of having deposit insurance assuages the fears of depositors and should reduce the occurrence of bank runs. However, there are unexpected results. There are those who argue that deposit insurance created another set of problems. Since there is the assurance that deposits are insured to certain degree then depositors will not be as vigilant as they are before when it comes to their savings. There is less incentive to monitor thei r banks and a result the banks will find it easier to take risks. They know that there is a safety net that promises to lessen the impact of their fall and therefore this goads them to take bold steps to increase revenue with little regard to the impact of small mistakes that can eventually grow into something unmanageable such as what happened to the subprime lending sector. The deposit insurance law does not encourage discipline anymore within the U.S. banking industry and therefore imprudent behavior is rewarded and no one will be held accountable. As a result there is a steady increase in the number of incompetent bankers that have tremendous capabilities to play around with funds of other people. One small problem led to another until the banks could not hide anymore the problem with their loans and insolvency. Due to the lax environment created by the deposit insurance scheme the depositors and U.S. citizens were unable to detect the seriousness of the problem until it was alr eady too late.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is important to determine the impact of the deposit insurance law and why it contributed much to the failure of many American financial institutions. However, it must also be pointed out that this piece of legislature was considered of utmost necessity after the Great Depression when depositors became wary of banks. Confidence must be restored and this is the main reason why in spite of various oppositions this policy pushed through. It is also important to determine the possible negative consequences of the removal of deposit insurance. This is because experts are only able to identify one major reason why it must be cancelled. They are saying that it encourages the lack of accountability. This implies that the removal of deposit insurance will automatically create the opposite attitude which is to force depositors to take a more active role in monitoring banks. Well, this is just an assumption. There is a need to determine if this will be the case or it will reproduce the dread ed financial crisis of the previous century. Personal Inferences It is important to be familiar with the history of the U.S. banking industry and the history of financial crises that hit the country from 19th century up to the 21st century. In this manner it is possible to determine a pattern and if the pattern of negative thinking and failed actions resulted from a preceding event or policy then it is easier to pinpoint the flawed directive or piece of legislation and correct it to mitigate risks and prevent another major financial breakdown. A historical approach will yield better results if this is achieved using comparative studies with other countries. In the study of financial crises that occurred in U.S. mainland, many insights were gleaned from comparing its financial history with that of England and Canada. It was a revelation to know that Canada was spared from the global financial crisis that ignited from the United States and spread like wildfire to the whole world of fi nance. This has prompted economists to take a closer look at the explanation for Canadian stability as opposed to its neighbor. The most glaring difference is the absence of diversity and the fact that the U.S. banking industry was set-up in such a way that it is insulated from competition and also the fact that there is no coordination between national banks to help them weather a financial storm or to become more proactive in putting out fires before even the general public even knows that a potential threat is looming. This will prevent them from panicking that usually results in the chain-reaction of events that in turn blow-up a small problem into crisis proportions. Decision-makers and policymakers must take heed to the fact that there seems to be a constant replay of events. There is a pattern that is easy to see if they are only willing to take a long hard look at what transpired in the U.S. banking industry from the 19th century up to the present. It was indeed the uniquene ss of the structure of the U.S. banking industry that allowed for these things to happen. If this is the case then policymakers must make increment steps to slowly but surely educate people and educate bankers on how to be more imprudent when it comes to investments as well as how to be more accountable to stakeholders. It is also important to allow the government to make more deliberate steps in managing the banking sector. There is the assumption that if policies like deposit insurance will be removed then the general public will go out of their way to monitor banks. This is a mere assumption; the data used were the behavior of American in the early part of the 19th century. There is no assurance that by rescinding the deposit insurance law that everyone will suddenly become more responsible citizens and more responsible bankers. It must be pointed out that banks will continually find a way to make money and it is also common knowledge that the general public is prone to fear and panic. The federal government must find a way to balance the need for more control and the need to allow the forces of a free enterprise to dictate where the economy is heading. It is not good to have absolute control but history also tells Americans that it is not prudent to cast out all forms of monitoring and government intervention. The best thing to do is to educate people on how the banking industry works. It is also imperative for bankers and businessmen to understand the impact of the policies of yesteryears and if there is a need to overhaul those laws considering the pattern of financial crises and the panics that occurred in two centuries of American financing. Conclusion A historical approach to the study of the U.S. banking industry will reveal the flaws in the system. This is because a pattern is easily recognizable if one is able to see the big picture and trace the impact of policies made between the 1900s and the 21st century. It is crucial to understand that the Un ited States continuous to suffer from a recurring problem of financial instability and systematic panics. It has something to do with policies that were enacted in the past. There is therefore a need to review these policies and to evaluate more stringently the way the Federal government sets up the financial sector of this country. There is also a need to find the balance between close government supervision and the principles of a free enterprise. It has been pointed out that control measure oftentimes backfire because there is no set of rules that can be created that will anticipate all future events and changes in the market and even the world. On the other hand if bankers are allowed to do their own thing then a collapse will be inevitable because they are focused on making profit not necessarily to safeguard the money entrusted to them. References Calomiris, C. (2008) Banking Crises. The National Bureau of Economic Research. Retrieved from https://www.nber.org/

Counselor and Ethical Boundaries

Counselor and Ethical Boundaries Introduction Boundary issues in counseling result from failure of a counselor to stick to the limits to which he/she is professionally authorized regarding a client. As a counselor, I have to ensure that my relationships with clients remain professional when delivering psychological services within the restrictive parameters that are safe for clients.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Counselor and Ethical Boundaries specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Dual relationships, on the other hand, refer to a situation where, in addition to profession relationship, a significant emotional relationship exists between the client and the counselor. This dual relationship is generally unfit for professional counseling, since there will be power imbalance that may negatively influence the counseling process (Syme, 2003, p.6). Boundary Issues and Dual Relationships Various issues exist in relation to situations pertaining to ethical a nd appropriate professional relationships between the counselor and the client. Boundaries to a counselor might include the fee charged, time span of the counseling sessions, level of personal disclosure, and physical contact. The primary concern of counselors is establishment of boundaries and management with respect to individual clients, where the counselor focuses on delivering services beneficial for clients. Although determination of whether acts are appropriate or ethical may be difficult, the above criteria can clearly distinguish their appropriateness. Observation of these boundary issues and dual relationships is paramount, considering the existence of inherent power imbalance where the client trusts the therapist’s expertise, and therefore discloses personal information (Pope, Tabachnick Keith-Spiegel, 1987). There are situations where dual relationships are complex and ambiguous. In this case, there is a need for application of a decision-making model where clien ts are involved in discussions to maintain professionalism. In my place of counseling in the community, it coincidentally happens that among the clients who come for counseling services are my students whom I teach in college. In this case, an ambiguous dual and complex relationship exists. In such a case, there must be a discussion with clients in order to avoid interactions that may hamper success of counseling services. Over and above discussion and avoidance, therapists may choose to terminate the therapy process in order to observe the codes of conduct. As a counselor, I may be involved in community projects of my interest, where I am appointed as a board member. It coincidentally happens that among the board members are my clients who go ahead to meet me in person during the board meetings, and openly admit being glad of sharing similar interest and characteristics in the community. These situations call for one-on-one discussion with clients to enable distinction of the two r elationships.Advertising Looking for report on ethics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More One example of a complex dual relationship may occur in a case when an unmarried counselor is celebrating a special day, and in the process, a friendly couple joins his celebration and decides to take charge of organizing the occasion and inviting other people. The couple also invites another single person of the opposite sex, a situation that happens to be a blind date for the counselor. Coincidentally, the blind date turns out to be one of the counselor’s clients, thus resulting in a complex dual relationship. As a counselor, agreeing into the invitation is fine, but clear-cut distinctions of both relationships must be established through personal discussion with the client. The same decision model can be applied to a scenario where close friends come for counseling services, putting pressure on the counselor to pay specia l attention to them considering that his services are the only relevant and available counseling services in the community (Borys Pope, 1989). Thinking Development about Ethics Dual Relationships and boundary issues with respect to professional counseling can be generally concluded as a result of therapists being members of the community. Generally, dual relationships cannot be avoided, since counselors carry out their day-to-day activities within the community and more so, they have their own interests and livelihoods. In a case where a counselor is elected to membership of a community project boards in which one of the clients is also a member, there arises an issue of complexity with respect to a dual relationship. Modification of thought in such issues of complexity bases its claims on the fact that counselors cannot continuously deny the opportunity of advancing their interests in order to avoid dual relationships with clients. In order to resolve issues related to the dual re lationships, new ways of managing dual relationships should be put in place rather than evade the relationships. Dual relationships widely vary and may include social, professional, business, communal, and even institutional relationships. These relationships often result in complex professionalism issues that are ambiguous and difficult to resolve. Dynamic views towards these complexities involve distinctive dual relationships where counseling is completely separated from the emotional relations shared outside the profession. The client should understand that the counselor has a duty to observe professional codes of conduct irrespective of other relationships. At work, both the client and therapist must make the assumption that no other relationship exists, and that the right to this distinction during interactions outside therapy is paramount. References Borys, D.S., Pope, K.S. (1989) Dual relationships between therapist and client: A national study of psychologists, psychiatrist s, and social workers. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 20(5); 283-293.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Counselor and Ethical Boundaries specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Pope, K.S., Tabachnick, B.G., Keith-Spiegel, P. (1987) Ethics of practice: The beliefs and behaviors of psychologists as therapists. American Psychologist, 42(11); 993-1006. Syme, G. (2003) Dual Relationships in Counseling and Psychotherapy: Exploring the Limits. NY: SAGE.

Traveling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Traveling - Essay Example In this way, these benefits will be defined as the following: the means by which travel helps the individual to experience the world, the means by which travel allows for an interaction of new ideas/languages/people, and the means by which travel helps the individual traveler to bring back many of the ideas and understandings that they gain to their home. Firstly, although it is obvious that travel allows the individual to experience the world, this experience is ultimately extraordinarily useful due to the fact that it is almost always different than what the person might see within their own geographic region. The differential and experience that exists within travel allows the individual to not only have a relaxing and leisure time, it also allows them to spend some time considering why and how their particular experience is different from the one that they would have had if they stayed at home. Oftentimes, the differences in places and locations allows the traveler to interact with new ideas, new people, new cultures, and sometimes new languages. By interacting with all of these aspects, the traveler becomes more educated, more aware, and more cosmopolitan (Ahn 44). This level of worldliness helps the traveler to return to his or her original city or town and realize that key differences, sometimes good sometimes bad, exists. Finally, through an understanding of these differences that has been described in the preceding section the traveler can oftentimes bring back home many of the ideas that they were exposed to during their travels (BÃ ¶rjesson 674). Due to the fact that no particular culture or nation is completely right or has found the best way to live life, many of these cultural and sociological interpretations of personal interaction, culture, religion, politics, and philosophy can be useful in helping to define the world in which the traveler interacts with at his/her home (Metz 322). In

The American Court System Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The American Court System - Article Example The article begins by defining arbitration and mediation and explaining the basis of the two alternative dispute resolution methods. The article then discusses global application of arbitration before exploring past application of arbitration and mediation as dispute resolution approaches in the United States. Further discussion of the article covers some of the United States’ economic sectors that have in the past used mediation and arbitration. History of government involvement in promoting the alternative dispute resolution approaches are then discussed with highlights of some of the legislations that have been enacted to facilitate the approach to litigation (Gama, 2009). The article, based on its title, is expected to discuss chronological developments in alternative dispute resolution. The article could similarly be expected to explain some of the significant changes in dispute resolution that have facilitated its development. At the same time, a reader could expect discussion of the historical interaction between alternative dispute resolution and the judicial system with the aim of highlighting conflicting or complementary aspects of the two systems of dispute resolution. A large percentage of the article is therefore not related to the title. While the author should have started by introducing alternative dispute resolution in relation to the judicial system and then proceeded with a timeline history of developments in the dispute resolution and relative deviations from the judicial framework, the article explores the scope and application of alternative dispute resolution. Even though the author proceeded to discuss past legislations that have affected mediation and arbitration, readers would have expected a more explorative approach to the history. The article should have for instance discussed circumstances that led to the development of the

Control in Training Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Control in Training - Essay Example It is possible to distinguish three types of control: (1) routine control (from lecture to lecture), (2) monitoring (during the course) and (3) control of the skills acquired at the end of the course. It is possible to control the level of skills and personal development, compare skills of employees with certain standards or skills development of other employees (Truelove, 1995). During the training course, it is essential to provide continuing direct attention to learning process and skills of the trainees. In the sense that the supervisor will be attempting to sustain the performance of these employees, the intent will be task-related. However, the actions will be largely employee-oriented in nature and manner; the supervisor will be encouraging, reinforcing, patient, willing to listen. At this stage, the task of the manager is to support trainees and correct their actions if necessary. The instilling of standards and confidence (accompanying the skill development) during training is important for both the organization and employees. The role of the trainers is to develop certain skills and knowledge according to standards and new requirements. Employees with high self-esteem and high need for achievement, for example, appear to need feedback that gives information related to competency and control over the task.

Affects of Supply and Demand on Business Term Paper

Affects of Supply and Demand on Business - Term Paper Example d making the management to take the necessary course of action.Analysis of the market forces helps departmental decision making in that each and every section of the business optimizes resource allocation to minimize costs and maximize productivity in a bid to meet the demand in the market.Table of Contents Introduction Basic Laws and Principles of Demand and Supply Demand Side Supply Side Equilibrium Discussion Conclusion Works Cited Introduction Demand can be viewed as the quantity of goods and services that the market, consumers,is willing to purchase and consume within a given period of time and at a certain price. Demand varies from time to time due to rationality of the consumers; changes of preference and tastes,changes of their economic levels and statuses,and other market conditions such as changes of cost of production that influence price fluctuations.Supply on the other hand refers to the resource and or the quantity availed to the market by the producers within a given p eriod of time dictated by the prevailing market conditions. ... d services; a factor of manufacturing costs, competition, market conditions and the quality of the product, and the buyers determine the quantity of the product/ service they are willing to purchase and consume at the price level presented by the suppliers/ producers (Brennan and Rowan 6-9; Nasrin 1-20). In monopolistic markets forces of demand and supply may not influence the price of the product/ service and vice versa thus in this paper we shall evaluate and analyze the effects of supply and demand on a business in a competitive market (Reuvid 2-6). Basic Laws and Principles of Demand and Supply To understand how demand and supply impacts on a business, we need to evaluate their market mechanisms in relation to price so as to understand how they influence actions of the business at given times within the production cycles, which can be analyzed by understanding the their interaction aspects. Whenever the demand increases but the supply remains the same or unchanged, there is short age of goods and services in the market leading to a higher equilibrium price. Whenever demand decreases and the supply remain unchanged, there is surplus supply of goods and services which lead to lower equilibrium price. Whenever supply increases and demand remain unchanged, there is a surplus leading to a lower equilibrium price Whenever supply decreases and the demand is unchanged, there is a shortage of supply leading to a higher in equilibrium price Demand Side To understand how the demand of goods impact on a business venture we shall evaluate the demand schedule and relate it to the immediate decisions that the management make and the course of adjustments. As discussed earlier the demand of a given commodity will vary with time depending on factors such as price; changes of income,

Effects of social media on juveniles and how that impact has changed Essay

Effects of social media on juveniles and how that impact has changed the way bullying is addressed - Essay Example Others are sentiments that are meant to bring someone down. This is the most modern way of bullying called cyber-bullying. Other social media that are equally to blame are television stations that air programs which bear characters with intimidating traits especially in a school setting where kids will use such people as their role models and may want to imitate them. These behaviors will then be taken to school and they will be portrayed as some violence and rude action at cafeteria, in the field and even in the hostels. Hence it has become a big problem (Roberts & Springer, 2007). To control bullying, all the people that mingle with juveniles must be involved .These include parents, teachers and the community as a whole. The three parties are supposed to take actions in these environments by fostering positive traits that build resilience and that promotes healthy development of successful learning. Teachers are supposed to punish or correct any form of bullying noted in school and the culprit reported to parents immediately before the bully becomes self-absorbed and like the attention. And become unbearable. This is the only long term solution to addressing bullying and other risky childhood behaviors (Hinduja & Patchin,

Affects of Supply and Demand on Business Term Paper

Affects of Supply and Demand on Business - Term Paper Example d making the management to take the necessary course of action.Analysis of the market forces helps departmental decision making in that each and every section of the business optimizes resource allocation to minimize costs and maximize productivity in a bid to meet the demand in the market.Table of Contents Introduction Basic Laws and Principles of Demand and Supply Demand Side Supply Side Equilibrium Discussion Conclusion Works Cited Introduction Demand can be viewed as the quantity of goods and services that the market, consumers,is willing to purchase and consume within a given period of time and at a certain price. Demand varies from time to time due to rationality of the consumers; changes of preference and tastes,changes of their economic levels and statuses,and other market conditions such as changes of cost of production that influence price fluctuations.Supply on the other hand refers to the resource and or the quantity availed to the market by the producers within a given p eriod of time dictated by the prevailing market conditions. ... d services; a factor of manufacturing costs, competition, market conditions and the quality of the product, and the buyers determine the quantity of the product/ service they are willing to purchase and consume at the price level presented by the suppliers/ producers (Brennan and Rowan 6-9; Nasrin 1-20). In monopolistic markets forces of demand and supply may not influence the price of the product/ service and vice versa thus in this paper we shall evaluate and analyze the effects of supply and demand on a business in a competitive market (Reuvid 2-6). Basic Laws and Principles of Demand and Supply To understand how demand and supply impacts on a business, we need to evaluate their market mechanisms in relation to price so as to understand how they influence actions of the business at given times within the production cycles, which can be analyzed by understanding the their interaction aspects. Whenever the demand increases but the supply remains the same or unchanged, there is short age of goods and services in the market leading to a higher equilibrium price. Whenever demand decreases and the supply remain unchanged, there is surplus supply of goods and services which lead to lower equilibrium price. Whenever supply increases and demand remain unchanged, there is a surplus leading to a lower equilibrium price Whenever supply decreases and the demand is unchanged, there is a shortage of supply leading to a higher in equilibrium price Demand Side To understand how the demand of goods impact on a business venture we shall evaluate the demand schedule and relate it to the immediate decisions that the management make and the course of adjustments. As discussed earlier the demand of a given commodity will vary with time depending on factors such as price; changes of income,

The Ontology-based Software Co-Evolution of Cloud and Mobile Computing Literature review

The Ontology-based Software Co-Evolution of Cloud and Mobile Computing - Literature review Example Lanois (2010, p. 29) explains cloud computing from a socio-technological perspective in the following words: â€Å"As consumers are spending an increasing amount of time online and demanding convenient, instant access to more content, cloud computing is becoming a rapidly growing technology and the industry’s new buzzword. In a nutshell, the idea behind cloud computing is that instead of having the software and data stored locally on a user’s own computer, they can all be stored on Internet servers, or â€Å"in the clouds,† and accessed as a service on the Internet.† According to the works of Shang et al (2010), the concept stack of cloud computing has four major components. These are the computing resources, the operating system & grid middleware, the cloud middleware and the application layers. Shang et al (2010) have taken a layered approach and the computing resources have been assigned as the baseline layer of this stack structure. Above this layer is the layer of grid middleware & operating system. Its role is to harness cluster computing facilities and virtualisation from the pool of computing resources. Next is the cloud middleware layer where the computing facilities are synchronically modified, organised and distributed. Finally, at the top of the stack model, there is the application layer where the real requirements of end users are addressed though a service oriented architecture or SOA. (Shang et al, 2010, pp. 150-151) Mobile computing, on the other hand, is a technology that has given rise to scalable networks with the help of different handheld and portable computing devices available to the end users. It emerged relatively earlier than cloud computing, and primarily used Internet based telephony and communication techniques. As early as the 1990s, experts defined adaptability to be the most critical feature of mobile computing, since it involves a diverse range of software and hardware platforms that must work togeth er and interact seamlessly (Satyanarayanan, 1995). The research team led by de Oliveira (2010) have presented a detailed cloud computing taxonomy which can be utilised in an ontological approach (please refer to Figure - 1). In taxonomical construct of cloud computing, mobile devices are categorized under the sub-taxonomy of access. Along with the thin clients, mobile is the type of access to clouds apart from the desktop with handheld devices or mobile phones. Mobile computing can facilitate access to the cloud computing resources with the help of phones instead of the static workstations and desktops. (de Oliveira et al, p. 56) With the lapse of time, end users are becoming increasingly mobile. On the go, they not only need portable devices but also demand powerful computing facilities. This has given rise to the concept of â€Å"mobile workforce† (Liu, 2010, p. 4). In order to support such a mobile workforce at the business model sub-taxonomical cohort of cloud computing t echniques (please see Figure - 1), organisations are looking forward to mobile cloud applications. These applications would be highly adaptable at the programming side, synchronising various kinds of hardware and software platforms ranging from similar to disparate configurations. Figure – 1: Taxonomy of cloud computing. Please note the position of mobile technology in the sub-taxonomy of â€Å"Access† located at the lower left-hand side corner of the illustration. Source: de Oliveira et al (2010, p. 52) 2. Migrating Existing Software to Mobile Cloud Application

Piece of irony Essay Example for Free

Piece of irony Essay His odyssey then comes to a halt, as he perceives his friend, Henry Clerval. Coming across this memorable person allows him to forget his horror and misfortune; it allows him to feel calm and serene joy. They exchange stories and Victor reveals the scenario of his created monster. Henry believes it is a disturbed imagination, but the pertinacity of the story allows it to become believable. Where will Frankenstein go from here? This chapter is of pure significance to how the story is concluded. It creates suspense, knowing there is a vile monster on the loose. Where will it go? What will it do? This chapter allows new themes to be created. Death! Love! What will this mean for Frankenstein? Will he live or will he die? How will this gothic novel conclude and what effect will this monster have on the communities welfare? The character of Frankenstein should be immensely appreciated. Is Frankenstein who we think he is? From previously read chapters, we see the emotional and diligent side of Frankenstein. He is seen to be energetic, beneficial, well-mannered; a man of determination who would in capacitate at the thought of failure. However, chapter 5 emphasizes the indolent and non-progressive side of Dr. Frankenstein. We see this by the way he reacts to the form and appearance of his unforgettable monster. For example, he uses a great phrase: With anxiety that almost amounted to agony. This suggests that the amount of fear and worry was immensely increasing. Victors feelings towards his creature are negative, consequently his use of irony emphasizes this. One piece of irony used is: I had selected his features as beautiful. Beautiful! Great God! Victor doesnt mean what he says so he uses sarcasm to overlap his disappointment. Victor also uses a rhetorical question to make himself and the reader think. He asks himself: how can I describe my emotions at this catastrophe? . This once again clarifies his negativity towards the monster. In this chapter, Victor has two main dreams, one being of relevance. His first dream is about the outcome of his creation; the beauty that had encountered to disgust and breathless horror. The second of the two dreams is the most abnormal. Victor dreamt that his wife Elizabeth had wandered the streets of Ingolstadt in the bloom of health; once embracing her, he kisses her dainty lips and somehow her body reforms to that of his dead mother, wrapped up in cloth, covered scarcely in graveworms. This is of pure relevance to the rest of the novel as they are seen as signs for what is to come in the future. As it happens, his dream in some phases becomes true. Elizabeth, Victors wife gets killed by his vicious creature. From this stage, Victor is forced to create a companion for the monster; not consenting to this would lead to more homicides within Victors family. In the novel, Mary Shelley illustrates a poem to correlate with Victors retreat from home. The first line of the poem reads: Like one, on a lonesome road. Using this sentence suggests that Victor is walking by himself; disassociated with anyone. At this moment in time, he is feeling poorly and anxious about what the consequences hold. The second line reads: Doth walk in fear and dread. This emphasizes the fact that he is scared as he triumphants through the streets. The next line reads: And having once turned round, walks on. This phrase states that he turns around to see his surroundings, and then continues his journey. Victors feels as if the monster has banished him from Ingolstadt. The following line reads; And turns no more his head. This tells us that Victor doesnt want to come in contact with the monster again. At this point, Victor still has the feeling of disappointment and embarrassment in himself. Next the poem reads; Because he knows a frightful flend. This means he knows a frightful demon, of whom to him is the monster he created. The final line of the poem reads: Doth close behind him tread. This means that the monster is perhaps close behind him. At this moment, Victor feels paranoid and weary. Within this gothic novel, Victor includes 3 themes: dark science, isolation and weather. Dark science is used to indicate the creation of the fiend, made from scarce rotted bodily parts. His thoughts are deep and out of this world. His knowledge takes him so deep into science that his tutor tries to prevent him passing a certain stage in his medical degree. His aim is to infuse life into an inanimate body. He succeeds, however is disappointed with his result. During this theme, it is intercepted by weather. During the lonely nights and experimental days, the dark science compacts with horrid weather. For example: it was on a dreary night of November that I beheld the accomplishments of my toils. This tells us that the night the monster was finalised, the night and atmosphere was very dull. Another example of the weather.

Borderline personality disorder: Object relations perspective

Borderline personality disorder: Object relations perspective The term Borderline was coined by Stern in 1938 to describe a group of clients that exhibited primitive thinking and defense mechanisms, regressive transferences, destructive behaviors, and intense countertransference reactions (Berzoff, Flanagan, Hertz, 2008; Gunderson, 1984). Today, Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is a well known and recognized diagnosis; yet, it is still perceived to be a frustrating, perplexing, and complicated disorder for clients and clinicians to experience, understand, and treat (Berzoff et al., 2008; Gunderson, 1984). Clients with BPD can present with a number of different characteristics and symptoms. However, clinicians and theorists have identified key symptomatology associated with the diagnosis of BPD. One of the most prevalent characteristics of BPD is the presence of intense and unstable interpersonal relationships (Berzoff et al., 2008; Gunderson, 1984; Millon, 1992). In this realm, individuals with BPD struggle to develop and maintain close an d intimate interpersonal relationships as a result of a terrifying fear of abandonment and lack of object constancy (Berzoff et al., 2008; Gunderson, 1984; Millon, 1992). Clients with BPD frequently experience ambivalence in relationships with a desire for attachment coupled with a simultaneous need for distance, and will frequently oscillate between compliant and self-destructive behaviors in interpersonal relationships (Berzoff et al., 2008; Gunderson, 1984; Millon, 1992). Clients with BPD are dependent on others to satisfy their needs of closeness and intimacy, and these individuals will often exhibit negative behavior in a desperate attempt to garner attention that ultimately results in the dissolution of relationships further perpetuating their fear of abandonment (Berzoff et al., 2008; Gunderson, 1984; Millon, 1992). Additionally, relationship boundaries are often permeable and diffuse resulting in issues associated with engulfment or detachment (Berzoff et al., 2008; Gunderso n, 1984; Millon, 1992). Individuals with BPD also frequently seek relationships with people that victimize or mistreat them, and reject healthy partners and relationships (Berzoff et al., 2008; Gunderson, 1984; Millon, 1992). Clients with BPD are also characterized by an unstable and fragmented sense of self (Berzoff et al., 2008; Gunderson, 1984; Millon, 1992). They frequently struggle with establishing a healthy sense of self-esteem, lack ambition, and experience difficulty in setting and attaining goals resulting in low achievement in various aspects of life (Berzoff et al., 2008; Gunderson, 1984; Millon, 1992). A number of ego functions are also impaired in individuals with BPD. Clients with BPD have difficulty regulating their affect and exhibit a range of intense and negative emotions including anger, hate, and bitterness (Berzoff et al., 2008; Gunderson, 1984; Millon, 1992). Individuals with BPD also tend to lack impulse control resulting in unpredictable, self-destructive, and ego dystonic behaviors including self-mutilation, sexual promiscuity, and substance abuse (Berzoff et al., 2008; Gunderson, 1984; Millon, 1992). Clients with BPD also utilize a number of primitive defenses including splittin g, projection, projective identification, denial, primitive idealization, and devaluation (Berzoff et al., 2008, p. 331). Lastly, individuals with BPD may occasionally suffer from psychotic episodes and dissociative experiences despite a relatively stable sense of reality testing (Berzoff et al., 2008; Gunderson, 1984; Millon, 1992). There are numerous theories regarding the etiology of BPD. However, this paper will focus on the significant contributions that object relation theorists William Fairbairn and Otto Kernberg have made regarding the etiology and treatment of BPD. Theoretical Perspectives (Object Relations) Fairbairn: Fairbairn made great contributions to understanding issues of dependency, the use of splitting, and the inexplicable desire to continuously seek out and attach to frustrating and rejecting objects commonly seen in clients with BPD (Celani, 1993). Fairbairns theory places an emphasis on attachment and ego development in accordance with object relations rather than traditional Freudian drive theory (Celani, 1993; Greenberg Mitchell, 1983). Fairbairn posits that personality disorders develop in early childhood, and created a developmental model to explain how an infants interactions and relationships with objects in their early environment can influence dependency and future pathology (Celani, 1993; St. Clair, 2004). Developmental Model Fairbairns model consists of three stages of development: infantile dependence, transitional stage, and mature dependence (Celani, 1993; St. Clair, 2004). Of particular importance to the development of BPD is the transitional stage, which is aligned with Mahlers rapprochement stage, in which a child struggles with the conflict of wanting to separate from the mother while simultaneously desiring to remain connected to the mother (Celani, 1993; St. Clair, 2004). The transitional stage is critical in the developmental process as the mothers rejection of or ability to connect with the child and satisfy their needs will ultimately determine the quality of the object relationship and level of dependency a child has on the mother (Celani, 1993; St. Clair, 2004). Successful completion of this stage results in the ability of a child to integrate positive and negative aspects of the mother, view the mother as a whole rather than partial object that is separate from the child, and develop a hea lthy object relationship with the mother (Celani, 1993; St. Clair, 2004). Clients with BPD are unable to successfully complete this stage of development due to an inability to differentiate from the maternal object resulting in increased dependency (Celani, 1993; St. Clair, 2004). This pathology is later replayed in adult relationships when clients with BPD exhibit a desire to separate from a frustrating object coupled with a conflicting desire to stay connected to or dependent on the frustrating object (Celani, 1993; St. Clair, 2004). Dependency and Attachment Fairbairn described clients with BPD as suffering from severe splits in their ego resulting in a sense of omnipotence, a sense of detachment, and an excessive focus on the inner world (Celani, 1993, p. 6). Fairbairn believed that these personality deficits were a direct result of an unnurturing environment that forced a deprived and frustrated infant to split the mother into part objects in order to preserve the need satisfying aspect of the mother (Celani, 1993; Greenberg Mitchell, 1983). According to Fairbairn, over time the rejected and frustrated child comes to view his mother as a bad object but is hopelessly attached to and dependent on her (Celani, 1993; Greenberg Mitchell, 1983). Fairbairn developed the concept of stubborn attachment to explain why rejected children become increasingly attached to the frustrating object (Celani, 1993; Greenberg Mitchell, 1983). According to Fairbairn, rejected children come to understand that their mothers do not love and value them result ing in feelings of deprivation and inferiority that lead children to become fixated and hopelessly dependent on their mothers as both frustrating and exciting bad objects (Celani, 1993; Greenberg Mitchell, 1983). In essence, Fairbairn asserts that the more neglectful and depriving a mother is, the more a child will cling to the mother in an attempt to win her love and affection (Celani, 1993; Greenberg Mitchell, 1983). This behavior is seen in clients with BPD who repeatedly attach to rejecting and frustrating bad objects continuously replaying the same futile attempt to win the love and nurturance they were deprived of in childhood (Celani, 1993; Greenberg Mitchell, 1983). Fairbairn asserts that the lack of a nurturing and loving environment results in reactive hate in which the child feels they are innately bad and reflect this belief onto future relationships (Celani, 1993; Greenberg Mitchell, 1983). This is evident in the behavior of clients with BPD who often respond to int eractions with objects in their environment with anger and hostility reflecting their own internal feelings of badness (Celani, 1993; Greenberg Mitchell, 1983). The paradox of this behavior is that individuals with BPD are desperately seeking a loving and nurturing relationship, but their hostile and destructive behavior often results in further abandonment and abuse (Celani, 1993; Greenberg Mitchell, 1983). The Moral Defense One of Fairbairns major contributions to the understanding of BPD was his proposal of the Moral Defense Against Bad Objects (Celani, 1993; Greenberg Mitchell, 1983). The moral defense is a childs ego defense against the dilemma of being attached to and dependent on a frustrating object (Celani, 1993; Greenberg Mitchell, 1983). This ego defense allows children to stay attached to a frustrating or rejecting object by repressing memories of abuse or abandonment and the rage associated with those memories, and developing a view that the child himself is the bad object and responsible for and deserving of the behavior of the parent (Celani, 1993; Greenberg Mitchell, 1983). In essence, the child internalizes and represses the negative aspects of the frustrating object allowing the child to view the parent as a good rather than bad object (Celani, 1993; Greenberg Mitchell, 1983). Unfortunately, the moral defense results in a child learning to introject bad objects and reject good object s which ultimately influences the development of BPD (Celani, 1993; Greenberg Mitchell, 1983). Borderline adults continuously seek and return to the exciting aspect of bad objects while rejecting the good and nurturing objects they desperately need (Celani, 1993; Greenberg Mitchell, 1983). Endopsychic Structure Fairbairns endopsychic structural theory provides an explanation for this paradoxical behavior by focusing on the central role of the ego and the defense of splitting as a result of a childs inability to mask object failures (Celani, 1993; Greenberg Mitchell, 1983; St. Clair, 2004). Fairbairn asserts that children must split off the negative aspects of the bad object and focus on the exciting aspects of the bad object in order to survive abuse and deprivation (Celani, 1993; Greenberg Mitchell, 1983; St. Clair, 2004). Fairbairn postulates that the endopsychic structure is composed of a central ego and two subegos: the libidinal and antilibidinal egos (Celani, 1993; Greenberg Mitchell, 1983; St. Clair, 2004). Each aspect of the ego associates with a different part of an object (Celani, 1993; Greenberg Mitchell, 1983; St. Clair, 2004). The antilibidinal ego is home to the rejecting aspect of the bad object, and the libidinal ego houses the exciting aspect of the bad object which pro motes hope for future gratification (Celani, 1993; Greenberg Mitchell, 1983; St. Clair, 2004). In the normal developmental process, the central ego connects with a good or ideal object and grows in response to a nurturing environment that contributes to stable ego functioning and a healthy sense of self (Celani, 1993; Greenberg Mitchell, 1983; St. Clair, 2004). In a frustrating or rejecting environment a child internalizes the bad object, splits the object internally to reflect the satisfying and unsatisfying components, places these aspects respectively into the libidinal and antilibidinal egos, and aggressively represses these aspects of the ego (Celani, 1993; Greenberg Mitchell, 1983; St. Clair, 2004). This ego split allows the child to view a bad object as both frustrating and exciting (Celani, 1993; Greenberg Mitchell, 1983; St. Clair, 2004). The libidinal and antilibidinal egos dominate the world of an individual with BPD, and are constantly in conflict with one another (C elani, 1993; Greenberg Mitchell, 1983; St. Clair, 2004). This internal conflict explains the sudden shifts in mood that clients with BPD often experience as well as the continuous return to the exciting aspect of the bad object in interpersonal relationships (Celani, 1993; Greenberg Mitchell, 1983; St. Clair, 2004). Kernberg: Kernberg created a theory underlying the development of BPD that integrates object relations theory with aspects of Freuds drive theory (Clarkin, Yeomans, Kernberg, 2006; St. Clair, 2004). Kernberg asserts that the mind consists of psychological structures (ego, superego, and id) that are formed by internalized object relationships in early development, particularly that of the relationship with the mother (Clarkin et al., 2006; St. Clair, 2004). This primary object relationship is correlated with the drives of libido and aggression, and lays the foundation for ego development and the establishment of a stable, integrated, and cohesive sense of self and objects in the environment (Clarkin et al., 2006; St. Clair, 2004). Kernberg emphasizes the important role affect plays in object relationships, and asserts that affects result from both biological and environmental influences (Clarkin et al., 2006; St. Clair, 2004). According to Kernberg, BPD pathology results from innate o r genetic pregenital aggression and/or frustrating object relationship experiences in the developmental process (Clarkin et al., 2006; St. Clair, 2004). Kernberg asserts that these feelings of intense aggression inhibit a child from integrating positive and negative self and object representations, and results in the use of primitive defense mechanisms to protect and dissociate the positive image of the self and the object from aggressive feelings associated with negative self and object representations (Clarkin et al., 2006; St. Clair, 2004). In essence, primitive defenses are used to separate contradictory views of the self and object in an attempt to resolve feelings of intense anxiety associated with intrapsychic conflict (Clarkin et al., 2006; St. Clair, 2004). Kernberg also draws a correlation between attachment, affect, and the development of BPD by asserting that children with consistently frustrating and distressing self and object experiences in early development have incr eased negative affect or aggression which contributes to intrapsychic conflict (Clarkin et al., 2006; St. Clair, 2004). Kernberg also asserts that early failures in attachment contribute to the development of BPD by decreasing an individuals ability to experience and modulate a range of affects and control impulsivity (Clarkin et al., 2006; St. Clair, 2004). Let us now examine Kernbergs concepts and theories associated with the etiology of BPD more closely. Object Relation Units According to Kernberg, objects are internalized as units which include an image or representation of the self, an image or representation of the object, and an affect associated with a drive (libido or aggression) that connects the internalized images of object and self (Clarkin et al., 2006; St. Clair, 2004). In short, an individual internalizes an object relation unit which represents aspects of the self and other that are connected by an affect of pleasure or frustration (Clarkin et al., 2006; St. Clair, 2004). Kernberg referred to these internalized units as object relation dyads that correspond to specific moments of interaction with objects in early development (Clarkin et al., 2006; St. Clair, 2004). Kernberg asserts that infants experience and internalize multiple object relation dyads with varying levels of affective intensity throughout the developmental process (Clarkin et al., 2006; St. Clair, 2004). Experiences associated with high affect intensity are generally associat ed with pleasurable or frustrating interactions, such as when a mother satisfies or fails to satisfy a childs needs (Clarkin et al., 2006; St. Clair, 2004). Kernberg posits that these high affective experiences are internalized and become part of affect-laden memory structures in the developing psyche (Clarkin et al., 2006, p. 5). Kernberg asserts that an abundance of intense frustrating or negative affective experiences interferes with the development of a stable ego and sense of identity by inhibiting an individuals ability to integrate these experiences in later development (Clarkin et al., 2006; St. Clair, 2004). Thus, the interactions a child has with early object relation dyads significantly affects the development of their personality structure, sense of self, and views of others in their environment, and can lead to BPD pathology in adulthood (Clarkin et al., 2006; St. Clair, 2004). The Process of Internalization According to Kernberg, an infant progressively internalizes object relation units in early development, which provides the foundation for psychic structures, through the process of introjection, identification, and ego identity (Clarkin et al., 2006; St. Clair, 2004). Introjection is the earliest and first stage of internalization where self and object images are fused and associated with intense and primitive affects (Clarkin et al., 2006; St. Clair, 2004). If infants are inundated with feelings of frustration and aggression during this stage of internalization it will result in the development of negative self and object representations which adversely affects ego and personality structure development (Clarkin et al., 2006; St. Clair, 2004). Splitting is generally used adaptively in the introjection process to help a child separate positive and negative self and object representations; however, the continued use of splitting in the internalization process can lead to BPD pathology (Clarkin et al., 2006; St. Clair, 2004). Identification is the next level of internalization and encompasses a child learning social roles through interaction with objects in their environment (Clarkin et al., 2006; St. Clair, 2004). These object relationship interactions are also connected by libidinal or aggressive affective states that influence a childs interpretation of social roles (Clarkin et al., 2006; St. Clair, 2004). The last step of internalization contributes to the development of a healthy and stable ego that is able to differentiate and organize self and object representations and affects in a coherent manner that supports identity development (Clarkin et al., 2006; St. Clair, 2004). According to Kernberg, individuals with BPD are able to complete the process of differentiating between images of self and object, but are unable to effectively integrate libidinal and aggressive self and object representations as a result of pregenital aggression (Clarkin et al., 2006; S t. Clair, 2004). Thus, children internalize both positive and negative aspects of early self and object relationships which are activated to varying degrees in future relationships (Clarkin et al., 2006; St. Clair, 2004). Developmental Model Kernberg also proposed a developmental model of psychic structure formation that coincides with the internalization process (St. Clair, 2004). Kernbergs developmental theory consists of five sequential stages (St. Clair, 2004). Of particular importance to the development of BPD are the third and fourth stages which align with Mahlers separation-individuation/rapprochement stages (St. Clair, 2004). The third stage of development occurs when a child is one and a half to three years of age, and constitutes a childs ability to differentiate between positive and negative self and object representations, and the use of splitting to protect positive self and object representations from negative object relation units (St. Clair, 2004). The fourth stage of development occurs between the ages of three to six and is defined by a childs ability to view self and object representations as whole, and to integrate good and bad aspects of the object relation dyads and their associated affects into a realistic view of self and object (St. Clair, 2004). Clients with BPD are generally fixated in these stages of development resulting in an inability to integrate good and bad self and object representations, a primitive use of splitting, a weak and dissociated ego, a lack of object constancy, and the development of a diffuse and unstable identity (St. Clair, 2004). Kernberg believes that the inability to integrate positive and negative object relation units results from overwhelming feelings of frustration and aggression as a result of negative self and object experiences in early development (St. Clair, 2004). Primitive Defenses Kernberg asserts that much of the pathology associated with BPD results from the rigid and excessive use of primitive defense mechanisms to protect and separate the ego and imbued positive self and object representations from intense aggression associated with negative object relation units (Clarkin et al., 2006; Clarkin Kernberg, 1993). Although many of these defenses are used adaptively in early development, the continued use of such defenses in adulthood as a result of an inability to integrate positive and negative object relation units frequently contributes to the development of BPD (Clarkin et al., 2006; Clarkin Kernberg, 1993). Splitting is the primary defense used by clients with BPD, and involves separating good and bad object relation units in an attempt to avoid intrapsychic conflict (Clarkin et al., 2006; Clarkin Kernberg, 1993). Splitting is frequently used in conjunction with idealization and devaluation in clients with BPD (Clarkin et al., 2006; Clarkin Kernberg, 1993). Idealization complicates the process of splitting by imbuing either the self or external objects with faulty or unrealistic qualities of power and omnipotence (Clarkin et al., 2006; Clarkin Kernberg, 1993). Idealization is dangerous for clients with BPD because it creates further contradictory experiences for the client when the self or object is unable to fulfill the unrealistic expectations; this phenomenon generally results in an abrupt shift to devaluation or degradation of the self or the previously idealized object (Clarkin et al., 2006; Clarkin Kernberg, 1993). The process of splitting and the concomitant use of idealization and devaluation also make the therapeutic experience difficult and emotionally draining as a result of intense transference and countertransference issues (Clarkin et al., 2006; Clarkin Kernberg, 1993). Clients with BPD also frequently rely on the defenses of projection and projective identification in an attempt to rid themselves of feelings of intense aggression (Clarkin et al., 2006; Clarkin Kernberg, 1993). Projection occurs when an individual places their own negative feelings onto someone else and views these displaced feelings as emanating from that person as opposed to themselves (Clarkin et al., 2006; Clarkin Kernberg, 1993). Projective identification takes this process one step further and results in an individual depositing negative feelings into another while simultaneously eliciting those feelings out of that person (Clarkin et al., 2006; Clarkin Kernberg, 1993). Unfortunately, the use of projection and projective identification often results in a desire to control the person that carries the projected feelings or the development of fear associated with the projectively identified object (Clarkin et al., 2006; Clarkin Kernberg, 1993). Lastly, the defense of denial a llows individuals with BPD to negate and separate past feelings of aggression and frustration from their present emotional state (Clarkin et al., 2006; Clarkin Kernberg, 1993). Consistent reliance on these defense mechanisms in adulthood leads to significant difficulties in the realm of interpersonal relationships for clients with BPD (Clarkin et al., 2006; Clarkin Kernberg, 1993). Neurobiology Much of the literature and research on the neurobiological etiology of BPD emphasizes the connection between abuse, trauma, and attachment in early childhood (Applegate Shapiro, 2005; Cozolino, 2010; Teicher, Ito, Glod, Schiffer, Gelbard, 1994). Studies have indicated that nearly 81% of clients diagnosed with BPD have suffered some form of abuse or trauma in their childhood (Teicher et al., 1994). The presence of trauma and/or abuse in early development frequently results in the dysfunction of the limbic system, cortical region, and frontal and temporal lobes of the brain (Cozolino, 2010; Teicher, 1994). The limbic system develops in early infancy and is considered to be the social and emotional aspect of the brain which includes the orbitofrontal cortex, anterior cingulate, amygdala, and the hippocampus (Applegate Shapiro, 2005; Cozolino, 2010; Teicher et al., 1994). Abuse and trauma often have deleterious affects on neural regulation within the limbic system that adversely affect s emotional and behavioral aspects of personality development (Teicher et al., 1994). For example, an excessive release of norepinephrine in response to stress can impair the hippocampal memory networks resulting in the formation of dissociative symptoms commonly seen in clients with BPD (Teicher et al., 1994). Additionally, trauma often increases kindling, or the repeated stimulation of neurons resulting in increased excitability, in the limbic system which can adversely affect behavioral inhibitions (Teicher et al., 1994). Limbic kindling is associated with the expression of inappropriate and excessive aggression and/or sexual promiscuity frequently seen in clients with BPD (Teicher et al., 1994). The lack of integration between the right and left hemispheres of the brain is also thought to contribute to the formation of intrapsychic conflict and splitting associated with BPD (Teicher et al., 1994). Cozolino postulates that BPD results from negative, frustrating, or frightening interactions with early caregivers resulting in an inability to regulate affect and integrate experiences as a result of insecure attachment (Applegate Shapiro, 2005; Cozolino, 2010). From a neurobiological perspective, insecure attachment occurs when an infant is exposed to negative interactions with the primary caregiver which increases the production of cortisol in the brain and induces feelings of fear and danger within the amygdala; this affective response is then processed by the orbitofrontal cortex and stored as implicit memory in the right hemisphere of the brain (Applegate Shapiro, 2005; Cozolino, 2010). Cozolino (2010) argues that the characteristic fear of abandonment and aggression associated with BPD stems from implicit memories of real or perceived abuse, abandonment, and frustration in early development. Cozolino (2010) also asserts that frequent and abrupt shifts in mood and the oscilla tion between positive and negative views of the self and objects may result from dissociation within the orbitofrontal cortex impairing the brains ability to adequately process information (i.e.: right-left/top-down). Cozolino (2010) further argues that increased levels of cortisol in the brain may impair hippocampal and amygdala functioning resulting in the experience of intense affective states and a reduction in an individuals ability to appropriately modulate affect. Lastly, Cozolino (2010) argues that insecure attachment can result in a reduction in the level of serotonin in the brain increasing the risk of depression, irritability, and decreased positive reinforcement from interpersonal interactions (p. 283). Diversity Sociocultural factors play an integral role in the process of personality development (Miller, 1996; Millon, 2000). From a young age, children are influenced and guided by cultural values, traditions, norms, and expectations that contribute to how they view themselves and the world around them (Miller, 1996; Millon, 2000). Every culture has a unique way of interpreting and addressing issues of anxiety, distress, depression, and emotional upheaval (Miller, 1996; Millon, 2000). Some cultures value these symptoms and view them as a natural means of growth and development, while others perceive the presence of these symptoms as pathology (Miller, 1996; Millon, 2000). Paris contends that many traditional cultures provide protective factors that inhibit the development of BPD and other personality disorders, while others argue that individuals from virtually all cultures suffer from symptoms similar to BPD due to a perceived sense of social failureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦inadequacy, marginality, an d powerlessness (Miller, 1996, p. 194). However, each culture differs in how they view, express, and treat these symptoms; thus, it is imperative that clinicians consider the influence of sociocultural factors on personality development and/or pathology in order to accurately diagnose and treat clients (Berzoff et al., 2008; Miller, 1996; Millon, 2000). The prevalence of BPD and other personality disorders in American culture provides a unique understanding of how sociocultural factors influence personality development (Miller, 1996; Millon, 2000). Millon (2000) argues that American culture is filled with ambiguous and contradictory values, beliefs, and expectations that contribute to identity diffusion and interpersonal conflicts. American culture also places a strong emphasis on achievement and encourages competition in various aspects of life placing intense pressure on individuals to continuously strive for excellence while inadvertently setting the stage for failure and feelings of guilt and shame (Millon, 2000). The presence of conflicting demands and expectations, an emphasis on competition and success, and harsh sociocultural conditions such as poverty, prejudice, and racism in American culture complicate the process of personality development and perpetuate symptomatology commonly associated with BPD including dissociation, intrapsychic conflict, and a fragmented identity (Miller, 1996; Millon, 2000). There is also debate surrounding issues of gender bias in the assessment and diagnosis of personality disorders (Becker, 1997; Berzoff et al., 2008; Widiger, 2000). Many scholars argue that the Diagnostic Statistical Manual (DSM) defines and describes personality disorders in a way that is biased toward traditional male or female characteristics (Becker, 1997; Berzoff et al., 2008; Widiger, 2000). As a result, personality disorders that are associated with dramatic emotional responses, dependency, and masochist qualities such as Histrionic and Borderline are often over diagnosed in women (Becker, 1997; Berzoff et al., 2008; Widiger, 2000). Scholars argue that this bias pathologizes female traits without consideration of the impact that societal, familial, and cultural pressures and external influences have on these behaviors (Becker, 1997; Berzoff et al., 2008; Widiger, 2000). Women are generally socialized to be more in touch with and expressive of their emotions, compliant or submi ssive to others needs, and dependent or reliant on others to varying degrees (Becker, 1997; Berzoff et al., 2008; Widiger, 2000). Yet, these very characteristics can be viewed pathologically when they are incorrectly or incongruently expressed in accordance with social and cultural norms and expectations (Becker, 1997; Berzoff et al., 2008). Additionally, the DSM criteria fails to account for the relevance of the psychological distress that many women experience associated with trauma, sexual abuse, domestic violence, and oppression which results in women being frequently misdiagnosed with BPD as opposed to post traumatic stress disorder (Becker, 1997; Berzoff et al., 2008). It is important for clinicians to be aware of gender biases within the DSM, as well as personal gender biases, when assessing pathology in a client, and to ensure that a diagnosis accompanies adequate consideration of the social and cultural norms placed on women as well as the influence trauma, victimization, a nd oppression have on personality development and pathology (Becker, 1997; Berzoff et al., 2008; Widiger, 2000). Treatment Fairbairn: Fairbairns treatment model was designed to address the needs of what he termed dependent borderlines who express an obstinate attachment to frustrating-exciting objects within their environment that perpetuate ego splits and intrapsychic conflict (Celani,

Depletion of the Ozone Layer :: essays research papers

Depletion of the Ozone Layer The issue of whether the people of the world have exaggerated the threat of the ozone depletion has been widely debated. It is an important issue because it concerns health and well being now and tomorrow. A variety of different arguments have been put forward about this issue. Because air pollution is greatly affecting the ozone, America needs to take immediate steps to stop ozone depletion. This essay will examine different arguments concerning the ozone layer. Ozone is a highly irritant gas, which is formed in our atmosphere in the presence of sunlight from other air pollutants, including nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons. These "precusor" pollutants, which cause the formation of ozone, are emitted by pollution sources. The adverse health consequences of breathing ozone at levels below the current U.S. National ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) of 120 parts per billion are serious and well documented. Observational epidemiology studies have shown compelling and consistent evidence of adverse effects by ozone below the current standards. Considering the published results from various cities, the EPA analysis under predicts the respiratory hospital admission benefits of their proposed regulations. Airway inflammation in the lung is among the serious effects that have been demonstrated by controlled human studies of the ozone at levels typically experienced by most Americans. Exposures to ozone and particulate matter air pollution have been linked to medically significant adverse health effects. The current NAAQS for these pollutants are not sufficiently protective of public health. Both the ozone and particulate matter standards have vast implications for the equality of life and the economy of the United States. The vast majority of Americans support improving and enhancing the quality of their life by eliminating or decreasing air pollution. Americans are quite willing to shoulder the burden of clean air. The Environmental Protection Agency and the U.S public and Depletion of the Ozone Layer :: essays research papers Depletion of the Ozone Layer The issue of whether the people of the world have exaggerated the threat of the ozone depletion has been widely debated. It is an important issue because it concerns health and well being now and tomorrow. A variety of different arguments have been put forward about this issue. Because air pollution is greatly affecting the ozone, America needs to take immediate steps to stop ozone depletion. This essay will examine different arguments concerning the ozone layer. Ozone is a highly irritant gas, which is formed in our atmosphere in the presence of sunlight from other air pollutants, including nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons. These "precusor" pollutants, which cause the formation of ozone, are emitted by pollution sources. The adverse health consequences of breathing ozone at levels below the current U.S. National ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) of 120 parts per billion are serious and well documented. Observational epidemiology studies have shown compelling and consistent evidence of adverse effects by ozone below the current standards. Considering the published results from various cities, the EPA analysis under predicts the respiratory hospital admission benefits of their proposed regulations. Airway inflammation in the lung is among the serious effects that have been demonstrated by controlled human studies of the ozone at levels typically experienced by most Americans. Exposures to ozone and particulate matter air pollution have been linked to medically significant adverse health effects. The current NAAQS for these pollutants are not sufficiently protective of public health. Both the ozone and particulate matter standards have vast implications for the equality of life and the economy of the United States. The vast majority of Americans support improving and enhancing the quality of their life by eliminating or decreasing air pollution. Americans are quite willing to shoulder the burden of clean air. The Environmental Protection Agency and the U.S public and

Bankruptcy Essay -- essays research papers

Bankruptcy, today, is a very common thing among companies and individuals alike. Sadly enough there were as many bankruptcy cases filed in federal courts, as there were all other cases. The American bankruptcy law allows people to avoid paying their debts, by offering the debtors a discharge, which eliminates all their legal responsibilities. However, bankruptcy is a controversial issue amongst religious members of the Jewish population, for one must question whether it is morally correct to avoid paying a dept by filing for bankruptcy. According to the torah, a debt is an obligation that must be fulfilled. Consequently, if a bankruptcy discharge is invoked, under the strictness of Jewish law, one is still required to pay back the money no matter how long it may take him. According to Bais Din the debtor must hand over his property, with a few exclusions, to the creditor, and if this does not cover what he owes the creditor, then every time the debtor acquires new assets, he pays the creditor until he no longer owes him anything.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  According to Halacha there is a way for the debtor to be discharged. This is through â€Å"Yeush†. This term denotes that this is the point where a person no longer believes he will recover the object he has lost. In this case, the creditor loses hope of being paid back the money the debtor owes him. Therefore the debtor is free from his obligation to pay the creditor. According to some poskim, yeush does not discharge the debtor, unless the circumstances, such as where the debtors fields are ruined by a flood, the debtor is in, makes the creditor lose hope of ever being paid back According to others, yeush can discharge the debt if the debtor becomes impoverished only and not because he didn’t want to pay back his debt.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If the debtor does not become discharged through the creditors yeush, there is one of two ways to obtain a bankruptcy discharge through halacha. The first way is through liquidation. This is where the debtor hands over all his property, with keeping some exempt property, and this covers his debt to the creditors and he is now free of his obligation to pay them. The second way is through reorganization. The debtor makes a plan to repay his creditors over a number of years, with a minimum payment required for each year. When he has finished with these payments,... ...t that the halacha is in accordance with one aspect of the debate, this being called â€Å"kim li†. Now the plaintiff, the creditor, can only win if he proves his case according to the view chosen by the defendant. In this case of a â€Å"kim li†, bais din has to determine whether dina d’malchusa dina applies to a bankruptcy discharge. As mentioned above, the Rema states that it does, and therefore the defendant may win this case and be free of debt. However, there is a question now as to whether the defendant should pay the creditor because of religious obligation. In a regular bankruptcy discharge, the debtor is free of all his debt and thus it may assumed in this case that the defendant is free from debt because of the use of â€Å"kim li†.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Working through secular law, unfortunately, may be the only way to clear debts owed between many. Although it is not the preferred way to do business, especially between religious Jews, it is the way the world works and it makes it easier to get rid of the debt between Jews and non-Jews. This paper is a very revised version of bankruptcy and the Halacha perspective, but I hope it provides all the information that is necessary. Bankruptcy Essay -- essays research papers Bankruptcy, today, is a very common thing among companies and individuals alike. Sadly enough there were as many bankruptcy cases filed in federal courts, as there were all other cases. The American bankruptcy law allows people to avoid paying their debts, by offering the debtors a discharge, which eliminates all their legal responsibilities. However, bankruptcy is a controversial issue amongst religious members of the Jewish population, for one must question whether it is morally correct to avoid paying a dept by filing for bankruptcy. According to the torah, a debt is an obligation that must be fulfilled. Consequently, if a bankruptcy discharge is invoked, under the strictness of Jewish law, one is still required to pay back the money no matter how long it may take him. According to Bais Din the debtor must hand over his property, with a few exclusions, to the creditor, and if this does not cover what he owes the creditor, then every time the debtor acquires new assets, he pays the creditor until he no longer owes him anything.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  According to Halacha there is a way for the debtor to be discharged. This is through â€Å"Yeush†. This term denotes that this is the point where a person no longer believes he will recover the object he has lost. In this case, the creditor loses hope of being paid back the money the debtor owes him. Therefore the debtor is free from his obligation to pay the creditor. According to some poskim, yeush does not discharge the debtor, unless the circumstances, such as where the debtors fields are ruined by a flood, the debtor is in, makes the creditor lose hope of ever being paid back According to others, yeush can discharge the debt if the debtor becomes impoverished only and not because he didn’t want to pay back his debt.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If the debtor does not become discharged through the creditors yeush, there is one of two ways to obtain a bankruptcy discharge through halacha. The first way is through liquidation. This is where the debtor hands over all his property, with keeping some exempt property, and this covers his debt to the creditors and he is now free of his obligation to pay them. The second way is through reorganization. The debtor makes a plan to repay his creditors over a number of years, with a minimum payment required for each year. When he has finished with these payments,... ...t that the halacha is in accordance with one aspect of the debate, this being called â€Å"kim li†. Now the plaintiff, the creditor, can only win if he proves his case according to the view chosen by the defendant. In this case of a â€Å"kim li†, bais din has to determine whether dina d’malchusa dina applies to a bankruptcy discharge. As mentioned above, the Rema states that it does, and therefore the defendant may win this case and be free of debt. However, there is a question now as to whether the defendant should pay the creditor because of religious obligation. In a regular bankruptcy discharge, the debtor is free of all his debt and thus it may assumed in this case that the defendant is free from debt because of the use of â€Å"kim li†.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Working through secular law, unfortunately, may be the only way to clear debts owed between many. Although it is not the preferred way to do business, especially between religious Jews, it is the way the world works and it makes it easier to get rid of the debt between Jews and non-Jews. This paper is a very revised version of bankruptcy and the Halacha perspective, but I hope it provides all the information that is necessary.